The imperative tense in Spanish is essential for giving commands, making requests, or offering instructions. It's a crucial part of everyday communication, whether you're giving directions, asking for help, or politely requesting something. Let's dive into the imperative tense in Spanish and learn how to use it effectively.
Formation of the Imperative Tense
Affirmative Imperative
For regular -ar verbs, the affirmative imperative is formed by using the present indicative form of the verb without the subject pronoun.
- Hablar (to speak)
- Tú: habla (Speak)
- Usted: hable (Speak, formal)
- Nosotros/Nosotras: hablemos (Let's speak)
- Vosotros/Vosotras: hablad (Speak, informal plural)
- Ustedes: hablen (Speak, formal plural)
For regular -er and -ir verbs, the process is similar.
- Comer (to eat)
- Tú: come (Eat)
- Usted: coma (Eat, formal)
- Nosotros/Nosotras: comamos (Let's eat)
- Vosotros/Vosotras: comed (Eat, informal plural)
- Ustedes: coman (Eat, formal plural)
Negative Imperative
To form the negative imperative, use the present subjunctive form of the verb.
- Hablar (to speak)
- Tú: no hables (Don't speak)
- Usted: no hable (Don't speak, formal)
- Nosotros/Nosotras: no hablemos (Let's not speak)
- Vosotros/Vosotras: no habléis (Don't speak, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no hablen (Don't speak, formal plural)
Usage of the Imperative Tense
Giving Commands
The imperative tense is often used to give direct commands or orders.
- ¡Escucha! (Listen!)
- ¡Cierra la puerta! (Close the door!)
- ¡Habla más despacio! (Speak more slowly!)
Making Requests
It's also common to use the imperative tense to make polite requests or suggestions.
- Por favor, ayúdame. (Please help me.)
- Dame un vaso de agua, por favor. (Give me a glass of water, please.)
- Por favor, siéntate. (Please sit down.)
Offering Instructions
The imperative tense is useful for giving instructions or guidance.
- Mezcla los ingredientes y luego hornea a 180 grados. (Mix the ingredients and then bake at 180 degrees.)
- Abre el libro en la página cinco. (Open the book to page five.)
- Apaga la luz al salir. (Turn off the light when you leave.)
Expressing Prohibitions
In its negative form, the imperative can express prohibitions or warnings.
- ¡No corras! (Don't run!)
- No toques esa planta. (Don't touch that plant.)
- No hables con extraños. (Don't talk to strangers.)
Irregular Forms
While most verbs follow regular patterns, some common verbs have irregular imperative forms.
-
Ser (to be)
- Tú: sé (Be)
- Usted: sea (Be, formal)
- Nosotros: seamos (Let's be)
- Vosotros: sed (Be, informal plural)
- Ustedes: sean (Be, formal plural)
-
Ir (to go)
- Tú: ve (Go)
- Usted: vaya (Go, formal)
- Nosotros: vayamos (Let's go)
- Vosotros: id (Go, informal plural)
- Ustedes: vayan (Go, formal plural)
-
Decir (to say/tell)
- Tú: di (Say/Tell)
- Usted: diga (Say/Tell, formal)
- Nosotros: digamos (Let's say/tell)
- Vosotros: decid (Say/Tell, informal plural)
- Ustedes: digan (Say/Tell, formal plural)
For the informal tú form, the imperative is created by removing the -r from the infinitive verb and adding the appropriate ending. For example, comer (to eat) becomes come (Eat).
For the formal usted form, use the third-person singular present tense verb. For example, coma (Eat, formal).
Negative Commands
For the informal tú form, the negative imperative is formed using the subjunctive "no + verb + -es" structure. For example, No comas (Don't eat).
For the formal usted form, use the subjunctive "no + verb + -e" structure. For example, No coma (Don't eat, formal).
Politeness and Tone
The imperative tense can vary in politeness and tone based on the context and the relationship between the speaker and listener. Adding por favor (please) can soften commands or requests, making them more polite.
- Por favor, siéntate. (Please sit down.)
- Por favor, cierra la ventana. (Please close the window.)
40 Examples of the Imperative Tense in Spanish
- Limpia tu habitación. (Clean your room.)
- Cierra la ventana, por favor. (Close the window, please.)
- Abre el libro en la página cinco. (Open the book to page five.)
- No fumes aquí. (Don't smoke here.)
- Ven aquí ahora mismo. (Come here right now.)
- Por favor, trae el agua. (Please bring the water.)
- Saca la basura antes de salir. (Take out the trash before leaving.)
- Por favor, silencio en la biblioteca. (Please be quiet in the library.)
- No toques ese interruptor. (Don't touch that switch.)
- Por favor, espera un momento. (Please wait a moment.)
- Dile la verdad. (Tell the truth.)
- Por favor, sígueme. (Please follow me.)
- Por favor, habla más despacio. (Please speak more slowly.)
- No comas con la boca abierta. (Don't eat with your mouth open.)
- Escucha con atención. (Listen carefully.)
- Por favor, apaga la luz al salir. (Please turn off the light when you leave.)
- No hables mientras el profesor está hablando. (Don't talk while the teacher is speaking.)
- Por favor, ven temprano mañana. (Please come early tomorrow.)
- Por favor, guarda silencio en el cine. (Please be quiet in the cinema.)
- Por favor, sé puntual a la reunión. (Please be on time for the meeting.)
- No mires hacia abajo. (Don't look down.)
- No te preocupes por eso. (Don't worry about that.)
- Por favor, ten cuidado al cruzar la calle. (Please be careful when crossing the street.)
- Abre la puerta y deja entrar al perro. (Open the door and let the dog in.)
- No corras en el pasillo. (Don't run in the hallway.)
- Por favor, sé amable con los demás. (Please be kind to others.)
- Llama al médico de inmediato. (Call the doctor immediately.)
- No juegues con fuego. (Don't play with fire.)
- Por favor, da un paso atrás. (Please take a step back.)
- No te duermas en clase. (Don't fall asleep in class.)
- Por favor, levántate temprano mañana. (Please wake up early tomorrow.)
- Por favor, no dejes basura en el suelo. (Please don't leave trash on the floor.)
- Por favor, repite la pregunta. (Please repeat the question.)
- No toques esa herramienta sin permiso. (Don't touch that tool without permission.)
- Por favor, cierra la puerta con cuidado. (Please close the door carefully.)
- No olvides llevar tu identificación. (Don't forget to bring your ID.)
- Por favor, trae el informe mañana. (Please bring the report tomorrow.)
- No te olvides de apagar la computadora. (Don't forget to turn off the computer.)
- Por favor, mantén la calma. (Please stay calm.)
- No dejes la comida fuera de la nevera. (Don't leave the food out of the fridge.)
Affirmative Imperative Examples
-
Escribir (to write)
- Tú: escribe (Write)
- Usted: escriba (Write, formal)
- Nosotros: escribamos (Let's write)
- Vosotros: escribid (Write, informal plural)
- Ustedes: escriban (Write, formal plural)
-
Leer (to read)
- Tú: lee (Read)
- Usted: lea (Read, formal)
- Nosotros: leamos (Let's read)
- Vosotros: leed (Read, informal plural)
- Ustedes: lean (Read, formal plural)
-
Abrir (to open)
- Tú: abre (Open)
- Usted: abra (Open, formal)
- Nosotros: abramos (Let's open)
- Vosotros: abrid (Open, informal plural)
- Ustedes: abran (Open, formal plural)
-
Cerrar (to close)
- Tú: cierra (Close)
- Usted: cierre (Close, formal)
- Nosotros: cerremos (Let's close)
- Vosotros: cerrad (Close, informal plural)
- Ustedes: cierren (Close, formal plural)
-
Escoger (to choose)
- Tú: escoge (Choose)
- Usted: escoja (Choose, formal)
- Nosotros: escojamos (Let's choose)
- Vosotros: escoged (Choose, informal plural)
- Ustedes: escojan (Choose, formal plural)
-
Lavar (to wash)
- Tú: lava (Wash)
- Usted: lave (Wash, formal)
- Nosotros: lavemos (Let's wash)
- Vosotros: lavad (Wash, informal plural)
- Ustedes: laven (Wash, formal plural)
-
Beber (to drink)
- Tú: bebe (Drink)
- Usted: beba (Drink, formal)
- Nosotros: bebamos (Let's drink)
- Vosotros: bebed (Drink, informal plural)
- Ustedes: beban (Drink, formal plural)
-
Pensar (to think)
- Tú: piensa (Think)
- Usted: piense (Think, formal)
- Nosotros: pensemos (Let's think)
- Vosotros: pensad (Think, informal plural)
- Ustedes: piensen (Think, formal plural)
-
Salir (to go out, leave)
- Tú: sal (Leave)
- Usted: salga (Leave, formal)
- Nosotros: salgamos (Let's leave)
- Vosotros: salid (Leave, informal plural)
- Ustedes: salgan (Leave, formal plural)
-
Estudiar (to study)
- Tú: estudia (Study)
- Usted: estudie (Study, formal)
- Nosotros: estudiemos (Let's study)
- Vosotros: estudiad (Study, informal plural)
- Ustedes: estudien (Study, formal plural)
Negative Imperative Examples
-
Escribir (to write)
- Tú: no escribas (Don't write)
- Usted: no escriba (Don't write, formal)
- Nosotros: no escribamos (Let's not write)
- Vosotros: no escribáis (Don't write, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no escriban (Don't write, formal plural)
-
Leer (to read)
- Tú: no leas (Don't read)
- Usted: no lea (Don't read, formal)
- Nosotros: no leamos (Let's not read)
- Vosotros: no leáis (Don't read, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no lean (Don't read, formal plural)
-
Abrir (to open)
- Tú: no abras (Don't open)
- Usted: no abra (Don't open, formal)
- Nosotros: no abramos (Let's not open)
- Vosotros: no abráis (Don't open, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no abran (Don't open, formal plural)
-
Cerrar (to close)
- Tú: no cierres (Don't close)
- Usted: no cierre (Don't close, formal)
- Nosotros: no cerremos (Let's not close)
- Vosotros: no cerréis (Don't close, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no cierren (Don't close, formal plural)
-
Escoger (to choose)
- Tú: no escojas (Don't choose)
- Usted: no escoja (Don't choose, formal)
- Nosotros: no escojamos (Let's not choose)
- Vosotros: no escojáis (Don't choose, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no escojan (Don't choose, formal plural)
-
Lavar (to wash)
- Tú: no laves (Don't wash)
- Usted: no lave (Don't wash, formal)
- Nosotros: no lavemos (Let's not wash)
- Vosotros: no lavéis (Don't wash, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no laven (Don't wash, formal plural)
-
Beber (to drink)
- Tú: no bebas (Don't drink)
- Usted: no beba (Don't drink, formal)
- Nosotros: no bebamos (Let's not drink)
- Vosotros: no bebáis (Don't drink, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no beban (Don't drink, formal plural)
-
Pensar (to think)
- Tú: no pienses (Don't think)
- Usted: no piense (Don't think, formal)
- Nosotros: no pensemos (Let's not think)
- Vosotros: no penséis (Don't think, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no piensen (Don't think, formal plural)
-
Salir (to go out, leave)
- Tú: no salgas (Don't leave)
- Usted: no salga (Don't leave, formal)
- Nosotros: no salgamos (Let's not leave)
- Vosotros: no salgáis (Don't leave, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no salgan (Don't leave, formal plural)
-
Estudiar (to study)
- Tú: no estudies (Don't study)
- Usted: no estudie (Don't study, formal)
- Nosotros: no estudiemos (Let's not study)
- Vosotros: no estudiéis (Don't study, informal plural)
- Ustedes: no estudien (Don't study, formal plural)
These examples provide a more comprehensive understanding of how the imperative tense is used across different verbs in Spanish.