The desert is known as one of the natural forms of land, which is characterized as barren, barren lands completely devoid of green vegetation cover. Deserts cover about one-fifth of the land area, The word desert is associated with sand dunes, intense heat and scorching sun. There are four types of deserts in the world; Cold coastal, cold winter, subtropical and polar deserts. These deserts are classified according to their location, cause of desertification, temperature and precipitation. Antarctica is the largest cold desert in the world.

Antarctica is the largest desert in the world and is the coldest, empty, windy and driest place on Earth. The desert covers an area of ​​14,000,000 square kilometers and is completely covered with ice. It is not a desert that forms part of the territory of the continent, but the entire continent is a desert. The Russian expedition was accepted by Mikhail Lazarev and Gottlieb Bellingshausen in 1820.

Antarctica is covered by an ice sheet that contains 90 percent of the Earth's fresh water, and only 2 percent of its area is not covered by ice. The number of individuals supporting and conducting research on the continent ranges from 1,000 during the cold season to 5,000 in the summer, The thickness of the ice sheet, at its darkest, is 4,776 meters and averages 2,160 metres. These ices make up 90% of all ice on Earth and contain 70% of all fresh water on the planet.

Its population density does not exceed 0.1 people. History tells that Aristotle was the first to give the name Antarctica to this icy continent. The origin of the word Antarctica comes from the Greek language, and it is a compound of two words, the Greek word (anti).Which refers to the meaning of "anti", and the word (Arctos), which refers to the meaning of (bear). This name was chosen because the continent was located on the opposite side of the bear solar constellation.

The plant life in Antarctica is limited to a few lichens, rock lichen, and algae, the region lacks green plants, and there are no amphibians, reptiles, and mammals that live on land, but marine and amphibian animal life thrives in it, the penguin is one of the most animals found in Antarctica southern ; These birds have adapted to the cold water.

Arctic Desert: It is the frozen Arctic desert, with an area of ​​13,900,000 km2, the Arctic and Antarctic deserts have become depopulated due to their harsh climate, and there are only international observers authorized by the United Nations, who number only about 1,000 people, This desert partially occupies some parts of the land, such as Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States, and precipitation generally occurs in the form of snow, and temperatures in winter can drop to less than 40 degrees Celsius below zero, and the Polar Desert is characterized North with strong winds.

The largest sand desert in the world: The Sahara is the largest sand desert in the world, located mainly in southeastern Saudi Arabia, with smaller parts in Yemen, Oman and the United Arab Emirates, and is characterized by a diversity of terrain.It has sand dunes, marshes and sand slabs. The Desert extends over the lands of eleven countries, namely: Algeria, Egypt, Chad, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Western desert.

Chihuahuan Desert: 282,000 square kilometers The desert along the US-Mexico border is larger than California, parts of which lie within the states of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The average annual rainfall is 228 mm.
The Great Victoria Desert: It is located in Australia, and is the largest desert in it and the sixth largest desert in the world, with an area of ​​647,000 km2, named after the Queen of Britain.

The Syrian Desert: It is also called the Levant, the Syrian Badia, or the Samawah Desert. It is located in the southeast of the Syrian Arab Republic, and includes eastern Jordan, western Iraq, and part of northern Saudi Arabia.
Kalahari Desert: 930 thousand square kilometers. Covering most of southern Africa, Botswana and Namibia, the average annual rainfall is less than 500 mm.