What is soil? Soil is one of the basic elements necessary for the functioning of terrestrial biological systems, it is a mixture of mineral elements, dead and living organisms, water and air, these four components interact with each other in a wonderful way,It is considered one of the basic layers of life on Earth as it acts as a reservoir for water and nutrients needed by plants and different types of living organisms.

arable soil, arable soil contributes to improving agricultural productivity and maintaining environmental quality, and it consists of inorganic particles, organic materials, minerals and salts, where soil provides structural support for plants used in agriculture,It is also the main source of water and nutrients, and arable soil is characterized by its fertility, the presence of fresh water in its pores, and the fact that it contains minerals and salts.

Soil types vary according to the different components in which they are found and the nutrients available in them, and the basic types of soil include the following,(Sandy soil) The grains are larger in sandy soils. Loose and easy to work with, the grooves crumble and water seeps in quickly, but lacking in important nutrients, this soil is not the best quality for planting because it does not retain nutrients.

(clay soil) is a mixture of sand, silt and clay, soil with a balanced composition of each mineral is an agricultural soil that is easy to work with, its particles are very small, clay soil retains water for a longer period. Its color is dark brown, and the silt consists of a mixture of fine sand and clay, which forms a kind of clay with the remains of plants, in which trees such as willow, elm, oak or poplar grow.

What are the components of agricultural soil: (minerals) phosphorous and potassium, as well as nitrogen gas, and other less common minerals include calcium, magnesium and sulfur, and all of these minerals are useful for plants,(Organic matter) is the soil resulting from the decomposition of living organisms after their death, or from the residues resulting from them while they are alive. (Water) There is water in agricultural soil in large quantities that are suitable for plants.

Factors that lead to the destruction of the soil, the decline of the elements: plants absorb certain elements necessary for their growth, through the roots, when rain falls hard on the ground, it leads to the gradual collapse of its structure,Wind also carries particles of fertile soil, producing in some places true dust storms, destruction of forests, improper plowing, and excessive trampling of livestock on limited soils.