Russian forces entered Chechnya in December 1994, in order to prevent Chechen efforts to secede from the Russian Federation, and after nearly two years of fighting, a peace agreement was reached, and as part of that agreement the dissolution of Chechnya's call for independence was postponed for a period of up to 5 years. Tens of thousands of civilians have been killed and more than 500,000 people have been displaced since the start of the conflict.

The origins of the conflict between them are complex, as relations between Russia and the people of Chechnya have long been controversial, dating back to the period of Russian expansion in the Caucasus in the nineteenth century, and since their forced annexation into the Russian Empire, Chechnya has never accepted Russian rule, and during the Russian Civil War of 1917 -1920 AD, the Chechens declared their sovereignty until they were suppressed by the Red Army in 1920 AD, and Chechnya is located on the northern slope of the Caucasus Mountains, 100 kilometers from the Caspian Sea, so it is a strategic vital place for Russia for two years.

The reasons: First, access routes to both the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea start from the center of the Union through Chechnya, and secondly, vital Russian oil and gas pipelines with Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan also pass through Chechnya. The Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus declared that it is independent from the Russian Federation in 1991 AD under the leadership of Dzhkar Dudayev, and was a former pilot in the Soviet strategic aviation who flew nuclear bombs for many years, and the declaration of complete independence issued by the Chechen government in 1993 led to a civil war in that republic, and several attempts supported by Russia to overthrow Dudayev in 1993 and 1994 failed.

In the summer of 1994 AD, the Russian government intensified its accusations against the government of separatist President Dudayev, accusing it of suppressing political opposition, corruption and participating in international criminal activities, Chechnya became a forward base for organized crime, arms smuggling and drug trafficking, and several armed opposition groups, supported financially and militarily by Russian government agencies, sought to overthrow President Dudayev, and in August 1994, they bombed a telephone station and the railway line between Moscow and Baku.

Dudayev's government blamed the actions on the political opposition and placed the country in a state of emergency, followed by martial law in September 1994.The restrictions included the imposition of curfews, limits on exit and entry procedures, and restrictions on land travel in some areas, the opposition launched a major offensive on November 26. 1994 AD, with secret support from (volunteers) from the elite of Russian regular military units. Russian military officials initially denied any official interference in the conflict, and the operation failed to dismiss Dudayev.

By December 1994, the Russian military forces were actively working to overthrow the Dudayev regime, and after relying on secret procedures to remove Dudayev, detailed planning for a large-scale conventional military operation did not begin until early December, after an unclear decision in the Yeltsin administration, three divisions of armor were established. Russian, pro-Russian Chechen infantry, and internal security forces - a force that includes detailed units of the regular armed forces - invaded Chechnya on 10-11 December 1994 AD, and the goal was to achieve a quick victory that would lead to calm and re-establish a pro-Russian government, but the result was a long series One of the military operations that the Russians overflowed with and hindered them by the separatist Chechen forces.

Russian military aircraft bombed both military and civilian targets in Grozny, the capital of the republic, and the regular army and Interior Ministry forces crossed the border into Chechnya on December 10 to surround Grozny and starting in late December 1994, and in the wake of the main Chechen resistance, there was a massive air and artillery bombardment of Grozny, the capital Chechnya, resulting in heavy civilian casualties and hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons.

The air strikes continued during the month of December to January, causing widespread damage and heavy civilian casualties.According to press reports, there were as many as 4,000 bombings per hour, and in addition to the large number of civilians injured and killed, most residential and public buildings were destroyed. In Grozny, including hospitals and an orphanage.

These actions have been condemned as major human rights violations by Sergei Kovalev, the human rights commissioner to President Yeltsin, and by human rights NGOs, and the Russian government announced on December 28 that Russian ground forces had begun a process to liberate the Grozny region and disarm unarmed armed groupings. Legal, Dudayev supporters pledged to continue resistance and the conversion to guerrilla warfare.

All assigned units were kept in times of peace, and all forces in a certain area belonged to a specific commander, in peacetime, they were still responsible for their chain of command, and this was true with the VDV units that were sent into the country, as well as the MVD internal forces units, Which included about 40% of the original deployed forces (15,000 out of 38,000), and the commander of the North Caucasus military region organized the operation as a classic Soviet front, with too many levels of the deployed forces, and the result was a complete disaster, most notably the almost complete destruction of the brigade. 131 Maykop mechanical rifle, and the eighty-first guard weapon on New Year's Eve 1994-1995 AD

كان لدى السوفييت نظام جيد جدًا للحفظ والتخزين على المدى الطويل ، ولكنه اعتمد على إعداد وتخزين المعدات على مستوى المستودعات للعمل بشكل صحيح ، وهذا هو السبب في أن اللفتنانت جنرال دميتري فولكوجونوف أشار في عام 1991م إلى أن الاتحاد السوفييتي ، في لحظة تفككه وكان لديه 77000 دبابة في دفاتره ، وإن كان ذلك في حالات مختلفة من الخدمة التشغيلية أو الإصلاح .

Most of the repair factories - charged with rebuilding the warehouse and some storage work - were lost to Belarus and Ukraine, and with skilled personnel left in the tow, many vehicles had to be stored using troop work, and these personnel were not trained in the proper preparation of the vehicles, and as a result, when the Withdrawing the tanks from storage, many of them failed almost simultaneously, and Colonel General Sergey Mayev, head of the Tank and Automobile Directorate of the Russian Army (GABTU) stated that this was the main reason for their failures and problems.

Although the Russian forces settled the city of Grozny, the capital of Chechnya, and other population centers during a long bloody campaign of wars, the Chechen forces maintained large territories elsewhere in the republic during 1995 and until 1996, two major cases of hostage-taking - one in Budnovsk in Southern Russia in June 1995 and one in the Dagestan border town of Pervomayskaya in January 1996, embarrassed the unsuccessful military missions to release prisoners, the Pervomayskaya accident led to the complete destruction of the city and many civilian casualties.

The conflict in Chechnya sparked a great debate about accountability in government decision-making and the government's commitment to the rights of its citizens and international standards, and the Constitutional Court concluded that President Yeltsin deployed military forces in Chechnya without the approval of Parliament to be constitutional, but the court ruled that international law is binding on both the government and the forces. The insurgents, despite their non-compliance with the Second Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, specifically with the stipulation that every effort must be made to avoid harm to civilians and their property.

Russian forces used indiscriminate and disproportionate force in attacks on other Chechen cities and villages, after federal forces seized several major cities and towns in the Chechen Republic, and Chechen fighters used guerrilla warfare methods against the Ministry of Defense and Internal Affairs forces, as well as against Russian civilians in the town of Bodnovsk.

On July 30, 1995, the government and the forces loyal to Chechen President Dudayev signed a military protocol calling for a ceasefire, disarming rebel formations, withdrawing most of the federal forces, and exchanging prisoners. The implementation of the protocol was slow and stopped in the fall after the assassination attempt of General Romanov, the former commander of the federal forces. In Chechnya.

In late 1995, the Russian government announced elections to replace the Moscow-backed government that took power after Dudayev was expelled from Grozny, and prominent human rights organizations called for the cancellation of the December 17, 1995 elections in Chechnya due to the conditions in the region, which they described as a hypothetical state of emergency. Dokur Zavgayev in the elections, but there were widespread allegations of fraud and manipulation of the results, violations of international humanitarian law and human rights committed by Russian forces occurred on a much larger scale than violations of Chechen separatists, and Russian forces participated in the indiscriminate and disproportionate use of force.

This resulted in the death of many civilians, and it also prevented civilians from evacuating the areas of imminent danger and humanitarian organizations from helping civilians in need, and the security forces were responsible for the disappearances in Chechnya, and the Chechen forces executed some members of the federal forces, and both parties to the conflict used torture and ill Treating prisoners of war and executing some of them.

On April 22, 1996, President Dzhokar Dudayev, the leader of the Chechen revolution, was severely wounded in the head, and died shortly after, and according to one report, he was killed in the field while trying to establish communication via a satellite phone, and it is believed that he was targeted by some kind of air-to-ground missile.

Russian officials denied the presence of Russian aircraft in the area, but according to reports, Dudayev was deliberately targeted by an air-launched missile that he settled on by following his satellite phone signal, and it is reliably said that Russian forces have routinely called for air and ground missile attacks on Locations of satellite phone operations identified using radiolocation devices.