A Greek philosopher, born around 428 BC and died around 347 BC, in his youth he met Socrates, listened to him, and was influenced by his teachings, and this philosopher had a great impact on his philosophy. The Vidon and Protagoras Dialogue), and it is considered one of his first books, and then he wrote other dialogues, the most important of which are (The Republican Dialogue, Tititus Dialogue, Sophist Dialogue, Parmenides Dialogue and Political Dialogue).

Plato's philosophy is an ideal philosophy based on the distinction in existence between the physical world and the rational world, which he also called the world of (the parable) that is, the world of abstract ideas that are fixed and eternal, as Plato considers that ideas do not exist in the mind of man only, but rather their real existence is the existence of an objective and paradoxes in its own world. .

With this theory, he was seeking to establish real science or knowledge and override the views of the sophists, which prevented him from saying that it was possible to reach a stable objective knowledge. Indeed, Heraclitus considered that it is not possible to reach a fixed knowledge of the physical world, given that this world is in constant change, or in his words it is (in eternal flow).

While Protagoras was considered based on his saying (man is the measure of everything) and based on the saying that all knowledge depends on the senses, that all knowledge is necessarily subjective, then Plato had to override these ideas and that was by establishing a theory of existence, which is the division which considers that being The real is not a changed, sensible existence, but rather a stable and rational existence, and a theory of knowledge that revolves in its entirety around the view that true knowledge is not subjective and relative sensory knowledge, but rather knowledge based on the mind and able to perceive the intelligibles, abstract ideas that are fixed and eternal, proverbs. So what do these proverbs lie in wait?

If we look at the physical things around us, we find that they differ in their properties and sensory characteristics, but nevertheless they are not completely different from each other. If Zaid differs from Omar, then they both share that they are both human and therefore humanity, that is, what man is a human being in both of them equally, and this humanity is one and constant thing and gives every human being his humanity.

It is, however, not a tangible thing. It is the essence of a person or a person in himself that can only be perceived by the mind, and if every human being, in terms of his physical existence, then his fate is transient, then the person in himself or the ideal of man is eternal and does not change and does not perish. In this manner, we can know that everything in the physical world has its own example in the sensible world, and therefore beautiful things all share beauty and acquire their aesthetics from beauty in itself, meaning the ideal of beauty, as well as the matter with regard to virtue, goodness, truth ... etc.

On the basis of his theory of proverbs, Plato builds his theory of knowledge, as given that real existence is the existence of the proverb and that the sensible existence is the existence of a false or is there is no existence in comparison with the existence of the proverbs, the real knowledge is the knowledge that realizes the intelligibles and therefore it is the only cognitive tool that can be relied upon to reach To science is the mind.

As for the senses, they do not reach us except to illusion and falsehood as they relate only to the changing and fleeting perceptions, and experience in turn does not enable us except from mere conjecture (doxa), that is, knowledge that does not rise to true knowledge, so only the mind is what amounts to this knowledge and only the philosopher can reach This knowledge.

The condition that must be met in order for science to be possible, according to Plato, is the recognition of the existence of the parable. These fixed, eternal ideas, as he showed in the Cartelian dialogue, are the fixed subject that man can know instead of the changed sensory, and since his ontology assumes that the rational world is separate from the world The sensible, and since man lives in the physical world, how then is the path to real knowledge and knowledge?

As a person cannot reach them if his existence is restricted to being in this world, and he can only do that if he has mixed the proverb and tied with it, so Plato considers that man has a previous life or that his abstract soul was living in the world of proverbs before descending into the sensible world in this previous life The soul was able to contemplate and know the proverbs, so a person must strive to remember what he knew (knowledge is remembered, and ignorance is forgotten).

This theory of knowledge thus presupposes an anthropology, i.e. a theory about the person and the soul in particular. Before joining the body, the soul had an independent existence, separate from the body, and its attachment to the physical body is a degeneration and a cause of evils (vice, following the instincts and passions of the body. And the cause of errors (illusion and conjecture, following the senses), that the essence of the human being lies in the abstract self, and this soul was living in the world of proverbs before it descended into the sensible world and joined the body.

The body is then nothing but a (grave for the soul) and an obstacle that hinders it from reaching knowledge, including the senses it contains from the source of illusions and hinders it from achieving virtue, including the instincts and desires that shackle the soul and tempt it by the act of evil. And a rational soul, and from this standpoint morality and virtue will be determined, the virtuous is the person who can create harmony between the various levels of the soul, so that he gives each of them his function. Mind for management, knowledge, passion for defense and nourishment for the living.

As for ethics, Plato considers that virtue is related to knowledge or is represented in knowledge, so there is no difference between knowing good in himself and acting according to this good, because in reality the one who does evil does it out of ignorance, and since man does not do good except by relying on his knowledge And since knowledge can only be accomplished by the mind alone, the abstract meditation that neglects the body and excludes it is the guarantor of attaining the truth and achieving good together.

But goodness and happiness are not a personal matter as much as they are two issues related to the city as a whole, and therefore perfection can only be achieved in a well-regulated city, so happiness for Plato then is the happiness of the city as a whole, which is achieved in harmony between all its parties and segments, just as there must be harmony in the individual Between a rational soul, an angry soul, and an invading soul, the city must also be divided into guards who manage its public affairs, soldiers who watch over security, and a parish that carries out other necessary tasks such as farming, industry, etc.

And based on his theory of proverbs also, Plato defines his position on art and considers that art as a simulation of what is in nature is a departure from the truth, as it is a simulation of the physical world, which in turn is a simulation of the rational world, and therefore art is a simulation of simulation, Plato had a great influence on the history of philosophy as that The idealistic current has always remained inspired by its foundations, and idealism means that approach in philosophy which considers that thought or ideas are the original existence and the principled existence that precedes every other existence, unlike materialism which says the precedence of matter over thought and denies the existence of thought as a self-contained existence, but it is always a secretion of secretions Subject.